Suppose U1,…,UmU_1,\dots,U_mU1,…,Um are subspaces of VVV. Then U1+⋯+UmU_1 + \dots + U_mU1+⋯+Um is a direct sum if and only if the only way to write 000 as a sum u1+⋯+umu_1 + \dots + u_mu1+⋯+um where each uj∈Uju_j \in U_juj∈Uj is by taking each uj=0u_j = 0uj=0.